Direct versus Indirect Colonial Rule in India: Long-term Consequences
نویسنده
چکیده
This paper compares economic outcomes across areas in India which were under direct British colonial rule with areas which were under indirect colonial rule. Controlling for selective annexation using a specific policy rule, I find that areas which experienced direct rule have significantly lower levels of access to schools, health centers and roads in the post-colonial period. I find evidence that the quality of governance in the colonial period has a significant persistent effect on post-colonial outcomes.
منابع مشابه
The Developmental Legacies of the Bifurcated Colonial State: Statistical Evidence from Sixty- Seven British, French, and Portuguese Colonies
This paper examines the impact of bifurcated colonial institutions—i.e. the use of distinctive legal codes for “native” vs. “settler” populations—for long-term development in 67 former British, French, and Portuguese colonies. Building on theoretical arguments by Mahmood Mamdani (1996) and Matthew Lange’s empirical research on the distinctive developmental legacies of direct vs. indirect Britis...
متن کاملEffect of Low versus Moderate Dose of Clofibrate on Serum Bilirubin in Healthy Term Neonates with Indirect Hyperbilirubinemia
متن کامل
Neo-Colonial States & Economic Development: Comparative Analysis of underdevelopment in Pakistan and India
The two inheritors of the British colonialism, India and Pakistan who got independence in the aftermath of Second World War inherited poverty and underdevelopment at the end of the colonial rule. The colonial rule ended in destroying the traditional and indigenous institutions and a legacy of colonial capitalism. Pakistan and India followed two different approaches of development. India chose t...
متن کاملPhotoexcited Carrier Lifetime and Refractive Nonlinearity in Direct and Indirect Band Gap Crystals on the Z-Scan Technique
The Photoexcited carrier lifetime (τ) and peak to valley transmission difference (ΔTp-v) in direct and indirect band gap crystals has been investigated by the use of single beam open and closed aperture z-scan technique using frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser. The peak to valley transmission difference (ΔTp-v) is found to be of the order of 10-2 in case of direct band gap crystals and of the order...
متن کاملImplications of direct and indirect selection parameters for improvement of grain yield and quality components in Chenopodium quinoa Willd.
The present study was undertaken to evaluate direct and indirect selection criteria for the improvement of grain yield and quality components in Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Correlated response (CR) and relative selection efficiency (RSE) were estimated for grain yield and three quality components, grain protein, grain carotenoid and leaf carotenoid based on different contributing ...
متن کامل